When examining the factors that contribute to someone becoming a perpetrator of intimate partner violence (IPV) or family violence (FV), it’s clear that psychological, social, and environmental influences all play a role. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), several individual risk factors can increase the likelihood of engaging in IPV/FV. These include emotional dependence, impulsiveness, poor behavioral control, and personality traits like antisocial tendencies. Additionally, a history of physical or emotional abuse, substance use, and economic stress (such as unemployment) can further heighten the risk. Strict beliefs around gender roles and a desire for power and control in relationships also contribute to violent behaviors (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021).
Dr. Emily F. Rothman uses the Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecological Model to explore and discuss intimate partner violence (IPV) and family violence (FV). At the individual level, personality traits and psychological factors can lead to aggressive behavior. There’s often a connection between childhood victimization and later perpetration of violence, with environmental influences like bullying, job loss, or limited opportunities playing a significant role. These social and community factors contribute to cultural norms and stereotypes that may influence violent behavior (McLeanHospital, 2021).
Trauma and post-traumatic stress reactions are key contributors to intimate partner and family violence. Research from the Journal of Family Violence indicates that individuals who engage in IPV/FV often have higher exposure to trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Many perpetrators report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-related beliefs, such as mistrust and the need for control, may explain how trauma exposure leads to IPV/FV perpetration. In many cases, trauma survivors try to regain control in relationships to counteract past feelings of powerlessness. Understanding this intersection between trauma and IPV/FV is essential for advocacy and education aimed at reducing violence (Maldonado & Murphy, 2021).
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) emphasizes the importance of addressing IPV/FV with an ethical approach. Social workers are called to increase opportunities and choices for all individuals, especially vulnerable and disadvantaged populations, including perpetrators of violence. This responsibility requires social workers to separate a person's behavior from who they are, providing resources that offer the possibility for positive change (National Association of Social Workers, 2021).